The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Benchmarks) (Amendment) Regulations 2018 have been published to correct a drafting issue in the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Benchmarks) Regulations 2018, which are due to implement parts of the EU Benchmarks Regulation with effect from February 27, 2018.

Under the U.K. Benchmarks Regulations, which were laid before Parliament on February 5, 2018, transitional provisions will apply until revoked on May 1, 2020. The transitional provisions include a provision that applies to existing benchmark administrators only in respect of benchmarks they were administering on or before June 30, 2016. The effect of the transitional provision is that these existing benchmark administrators will not need to obtain regulatory permission under the Financial Services and Markets Act.

The newly published Amendment Regulations amend the U.K. Benchmarks Regulations to ensure that the transitional provision applies to existing benchmark administrators in relation to benchmarks administered before, on and after June 30, 2016. These benchmarks administrators will also be able to rely on the transitional provision in respect of new benchmarks during the transitional period.

The Amendment Regulations take effect on February 26, 2018.

View the Amendment Regulations (S.I. 2018/204).

View the explanatory memorandum.

View details of the U.K. Benchmark Regulations.

The Financial Conduct Authority is seeking input on using technology to assist firms to meet their regulatory reporting requirements. The FCA would like to improve regulatory reporting by firms so that it is more accurate, efficient and consistent, less reliant on human interpretation and quicker for firms to implement changes to the requirements.

As part of its RegTech strategy, the FCA holds regular TechSprint events which are attended by financial services providers, technology companies and financial regulation experts to develop solutions to regulatory challenges. The Call for Input explains the proof of concept for Model Driven Machine Executable Regulatory Reporting which emerged at the November 2017 TechSprint.

The proposed Model Driven Machine Executable Regulatory Reporting has the potential to make regulatory reporting requirements machine-readable and executable, enabling firms to use automated, straight-through processing of regulatory returns. The proof of concept successfully used rules from the FCA Handbook, the Prudential Regulation Authority's Rulebook and International Financial Reporting Standards, illustrating the possibility for firms to comply with multiple regulatory reporting requirements.

Read more. 

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has published a report, "Sound Practices on Implications of FinTech developments for banks and bank supervisors." The report is a result of the analysis by the Basel Committee-mandated taskforce of financial technology innovations and emerging business models in the banking industry, including the consultation that was run last year. The report sets out the final 10 key implications and considerations for banks and banking systems and for bank supervisors and regulatory frameworks. The report also provides an overview of the current state of play in the industry.

The Basel Committee has decided not to determine whether there is a need to stipulate specific requirements at this stage. It will continue to monitor FinTech developments and assess whether any updates to the implications and considerations are warranted.

View the report.

The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority has published a new "Dear CEO" letter that it has sent to the Chief Executive Officers of certain firms for which it acts as prudential regulator.

The letter is addressed to the CEOs of "IFPRU Firms" (firms solo-regulated by the FCA that fall within the definition of "investment firm" in the Capital Requirements Directive and which are subject to the requirements of CRDIV) and "BIPRU Firms" (firms solo-regulated by the FCA that fall outside the definition of "investment firm" for CRD IV purposes). The FCA has observed that the prudential returns (in particular the Common Reporting (COREP) and Financial Reporting (FINREP) returns) submitted by these firms often contain inaccurate or incomplete data. The FCA stresses that, while errors or omissions can appear minor in isolation, they can materially distort data that are aggregated and used to analyse a sector or a group of firms.

Examples of the issues the FCA has observed include; failure to submit certain returns, such as the FINREP return; failure to complete underlying templates; inaccurate calculations; inconsistent submissions; reporting using incorrect units; and failure to report cumulatively where that is required.

The FCA instructs CEOs of IFPRU and BIPRU firms to review their firm’s regulatory reporting practices to ensure that they are fit for purpose, comply with the relevant reporting provisions and produce materially accurate data. The FCA plans to conduct a review of a sample of firms' returns as of October 1, 2018 and, should the same issues persist at that time, it will consider taking further steps to improve reporting standards.

View the Dear CEO letter.

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the Financial Conduct Authority have signed a Cooperation Arrangement on Financial Technology Innovation, an arrangement that commits both regulators to collaborating and fostering innovation through their respective FinTech initiatives, LabCFTC and FCA Innovate. This is the CFTC's first agreement of its kind with a non-U.S. counterpart and the FCA's first such agreement with a U.S. regulator. The arrangement will focus on information-sharing based on FinTech market trends and developments in each jurisdiction, simplify the referral process for FinTech companies interested in entering the other's market and facilitate sharing insight gained from each regulator's relevant sandbox, proof of concept or innovation competitions.

CFTC Chairman J. Christopher Giancarlo in a statement said he believes this collaboration will allow the CFTC to contribute to the growing role of regulators in new technology markets, and FCA Chairman Andrew Bailey argued that international borders should not inhibit global technological innovation. Chairman Bailey also announced an upcoming joint event between the CFTC and FCA in London to demonstrate how firms can work and engage with both regulators in the FinTech space.

View the joint press release.

View the Cooperation Arrangement.

The Prudential Regulation Authority is consulting on its expectations regarding the eligibility of guarantees as unfunded credit protection for the purposes of a firm's Pillar 1 regulatory capital requirements. The PRA is intending to add a new section to the Supervisory Statement 'Credit risk mitigation'.

The EU Capital Requirements Regulation allows firms to recognize certain forms of credit risk mitigation when calculating their regulatory capital requirements. Unfunded credit protection can be attained through a guarantee where a third party becomes obliged to pay out in the event of non-payment or default of the credit obligor. The CRR sets out the eligibility criteria for a guarantee to qualify for CRM.

Read more. 

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission has issued its first customer advisory regarding pump-and-dump schemes in virtual currency markets. The CFTC warned customers to exercise extreme caution when investing in virtual currency listings promoted on social media, reportedly backed by famous high-tech business leaders and investors or accompanied by posts creating false urgency or telling investors to purchase right away.

The CFTC noted particular concern with the anonymous nature of virtual currencies, which makes enforcement actions against pump-and-dump schemes difficult. These schemes may occur in the largely unregulated virtual currency cash markets, over which the CFTC only has anti-fraud and anti-manipulation enforcement authority.

Additionally, the CFTC stated it has received multiple complaints from customers who have suffered losses due to virtual currency pump-and-dump schemes. The CFTC warned that virtual currencies should only be purchased after they have been thoroughly researched and that customers should avoid purchasing virtual currencies based on sudden price spikes.

The CFTC also encouraged market participants to come forward with any information that could lead to an enforcement action against a virtual currency pump-and-dump scheme.

View the CFTC’s customer advisory.

View the CFTC’s press release.
 

The FDIC adopted amendments to its international banking regulations that primarily impact the asset pledge requirements applicable to FDIC-insured branch offices of non-U.S. banks (of which there are only 10) as well as certain securities-related powers of foreign branch offices of state nonmember banks, which depend in part on whether the branch is transacting in investment grade securities.  The amendments implement Section 939A of the Dodd-Frank Act, which generally requires the removal of reliance on credit ratings in banking (and other) regulations for determining the creditworthiness of a security or money market instrument.  Under the amended regulation, an investment grade security is one “whose issuer has adequate capacity to meet all financial commitments under the security for the projected life of the exposure.”

Read more.

The European Systemic Risk Board has published a Recommendation addressed to the European Securities and Markets Authority and the European Commission, outlining a set of recommended actions designed to address the systemic risks that could arise from liquidity mismatches and the use of leverage by investment funds.

Read more.
 

The Financial Conduct Authority has issued a questionnaire on whether a global regulatory sandbox for fintech and other innovative businesses would be beneficial and how it would operate. The FCA set up the United Kingdom's Regulatory Sandbox in 2016 to provide a controlled environment for firms looking to develop and launch innovative businesses models. Similar sandboxes have been introduced in other countries as diverse as the United States, Australia, Bahrain, the Abu Dhabi Global Market, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Canada and Singapore. Other countries have officially announced the establishment of a sandbox or are in the process of setting up their sandbox.

The FCA considers that a global sandbox could allow firms to conduct tests in different jurisdictions at the same time. It could also bring regulators together to identify and work on solutions to common cross-border regulatory issues. Recognizing that establishing a global sandbox would be an enormous task, the FCA also suggests, as an interim measure, the establishment of an international college of regulators with innovation or sandbox models, so that firms could access multiple regulators simultaneously. This approach would also allow the regulators to share and learn from each other about new innovative business models.

The FCA requests feedback on the ideas by March 2, 2018. The FCA expects to provide an update on the global sandbox proposition later in March 2018.

View the FCA webpage.

View the questionnaire.

The U.S. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System issued a letter permitting Deutsche Bank AG to establish a second U.S. intermediate holding company to hold its asset management business pursuant to Regulation YY.

View More.

The UK Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority have published co-ordinated papers on their expectations around firms' use of algorithmic trading strategies in wholesale markets. Firms have had to comply, since January 3, 2018, with new requirements introduced by the revised Markets in Financial Instruments Directive and related Regulatory Technical Standards. The FCA's paper sets out the applicable regulatory requirements and provides examples of good and poor practice for firms regulated by the FCA. Firms that are dual-regulated by the FCA and the PRA should also review the PRA paper, which takes the form of a formal consultation on a proposed Supervisory Statement, covering the PRA's expectations regarding firms' governance and risk management. The PRA consultation runs until May 7, 2018.

Read more.

The European Banking Authority has published a letter, dated February 9, 2018, from the EBA Chairperson, Andrea Enria, to Olivier Guersent, Director-General of DG-FISMA at the European Commission, relating to the regulatory perimeter of the Capital Requirements Regulation and the Capital Requirements Directive. The letter is in response to the January 22, 2018 letter to the EBA from the European Commission regarding the EBA's Opinion on regulatory perimeter issues under the EU capital requirements framework and the proposed changes under CRD V.

Read more. 

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission Chief of Staff Michael Gill provided an update on the CFTC's Project KISS initiative at the CFTC KISS Policy Forum in Washington, D.C. He said that after a thorough review of public comments received through the initiative, the Commission has broken the recommendations down into three tiers: (1) simple housekeeping changes with no discretionary policy adjustments; (2) suggestions reducing regulatory burdens with minor policy implications; and (3) initiatives that have more significant policy implications. Through the Project KISS review process, the CFTC is only focused on the first two tiers, although suggestions in the third tier will be addressed at a later date, Gill said.

The proposals cover a wide range of policy issues across the CFTC's divisions. The Division of Clearing and Risk is examining the process through which the CFTC grants exemptions from derivatives clearing organization registration, amendments to various DCO regulations and extensive proposed amendments to current Part 190 regulations.

Read more. 

The Bank of England has published a consultation paper on a new rule to formalize the supervisory expectation that CCPs will report any incidents relating to their information technology systems to the BoE. The BoE's move from a supervisory expectation to a rule will align its requirements with the UK's approach to implementing the Cyber Security Directive. Under that Directive, CCPs are classed as operators of essential services and must take measures to manage risks to their network and information systems as well as notify their regulator of incidents which have a significant impact on the continuity of the services they provide.

The consultation paper states that the BoE encourages other financial market infrastructures to follow the rule. However, it will not be a binding requirement for them.

The consultation closes on April 3, 2018. The rule is expected to come into effect by May 9, 2018, which is the date by which Member States must implement the Cyber Security Directive.

View the consultation paper.

The European Securities and Markets Authority has published a document combining its 2017 Annual Report and 2018 Work Programme in relation to Trade Repositories, Credit Rating Agencies and third-country Central Counterparties.

ESMA is the single direct supervisor of Credit Rating Agencies and Trade Repositories in the European Union. It also has direct responsibilities regarding the registration, supervision and recognition of TRs based outside the EU. The 2017 Annual Report highlights its direct supervisory activities and key achievements in 2017 in respect of eight registered TRs, 26 registered CRAs and four certified CRAs. ESMA recognised 10 third-country CCPs in 2017 and conducted monitoring of the activities and services provided by those third-country CCPs in the EU.

ESMA has conducted a supervisory risk assessment regarding CRAs and TRs in the EU. The 2018 Work Programme sets out the supervisory priorities for the year ahead that ESMA has identified for CRAs and TRs and also highlights issues affecting both CRAs and TRs where ESMA will be conducting further work. These areas include Brexit, fees charged by CRAs/TRs, internal control frameworks, cloud computing and guidelines for periodic information.

Read more.
 

The European Commission has announced that KPMG has been appointed to carry out a survey on the functioning of the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive, calling for all stakeholders to provide their feedback. The online survey seeks stakeholder views on the requirements of the AIFMD, their experience in applying those requirements and the AIFMD's impact on the market.

View the Commission's announcement.

View the KPMG survey page.

William Dudley, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, participated in a panel discussion entitled “Banking Culture - Still Room for Improvement?”  Mr. Dudley commented that there has been significant progress and improvement in bank culture, but noted that there is room for making even further progress.  The discussion also highlighted that regulation and compliance are complements, not substitutes, for good institutional culture.  Mr. Dudley also noted that while many often think that supervision by regulators and firm profitability are in conflict, in reality these two forces are aligned.  The panel discussed that good culture can provide a competitive advantage with respect to recruiting, given changing priorities among the growing millennial workforce, the importance that bank culture plays in the health and maintenance of a financial institution’s reputation, and how a good culture also promotes bottom-line success.  The panel did note, however, that changing culture in large and complex financial institutions can be a very difficult task, and stressed that good firm culture needs to be promoted from the top down.

View full transcript of the panel discussion.

The European Securities and Markets Authority has published its Supervisory Convergence Work Programme for 2018. It highlights a total of five key priorities for its work on supervisory convergence in 2018, comprised of three ongoing priorities (application of the revised Markets in Financial Instruments framework, data quality and investor protection) and two new priorities (Brexit and financial innovation).

In addition to the key priorities, the 2018 programme also sets out ESMA key objectives and main planned outputs in relation to a number of thematic and cross-cutting issues, including: investor protection and intermediaries; secondary markets; investment management; market integrity (including market abuse and benchmarks); post-trading (including CCPs, securities financing and settlement); corporate finance (in particular the new prospectus regime); corporate reporting; market data; financial innovation; IT infrastructure; and peer reviews.

Read more.
 

The European Securities and Markets Authority has published a Final Report setting out Guidelines for compliance, by central counterparties authorized under the European Market Infrastructure Regulation, with their obligations to manage conflicts of interest under EMIR and related Regulatory Technical Standards. ESMA was not directly mandated by provisions in EMIR to prepare the Guidelines. Instead, ESMA has prepared the Guidelines pursuant to the wider mandate in its founding regulation to ensure common, uniform and consistent application of the relevant provisions of EMIR and the RTS.

The Final Report summarises the feedback ESMA received to its consultation on draft Guidelines, which ran between June 1, 2017 and August 24, 2017, and sets out the final form of the Guidelines. After clarifying the concept of conflicts of interest in the context of a CCP's commercial relationships, the Guidelines summarize the organisational arrangements CCPs should have in place, along with additional measures that apply in a group context. Finally the Guidelines specify a procedure for conflicts of interest management.

The Guidelines apply to all EU national regulators that supervise CCPs, and will take effect on April 7, 2018. This date is also the deadline for national regulators to inform ESMA whether they comply or intend to comply with the Guidelines, with reasons for non-compliance. All CCPs must report to their national regulator on their compliance with the Guidelines.

View the Guidelines (ESMA70-151-1094).

The European Commission has published a position paper, titled "Transitional Arrangements in the Withdrawal Agreement", which has been prepared by its Task Force for the Preparation and Conduct of the Negotiations with the United Kingdom.

A transitional period was agreed in principle in December 2017.  The stated aim of the position paper is to outline in legal terms how arrangements for the transition period following Brexit should be given effect in the eventual Withdrawal Agreement. Draft clauses for the Withdrawal Agreement relate to the duration of the transition period, the application of EU law to the UK during the transition, the extent to which the UK Parliament and the Bank of England can participate in the EU institutions and the extent to which the UK can participate in the EU's international activities or conclude its own international agreements.

The position paper also contains a draft clause giving jurisdiction to the European Court of Justice to rule on disputes during the transition period. A footnote to the draft clause calls for a mechanism to be put in place within the Withdrawal Agreement whereby the EU would be allowed to "suspend certain benefits deriving for the United Kingdom from participating in the internal market" in circumstances where the EU considers that the ECJ would not provide remedies within an appropriate timeframe.

The negotiations between the UK and EU will resume in March 2018. 

View the position paper.
 

Following the November 2017 call for expressions of interest, the European Commission, the European Central Bank, the European Securities and Markets Authority and the Belgian Financial Services and Markets Authority announced the composition of a new working group on euro risk-free rates (that is, excluding bank credit risk). The working group will consist of 21 banks, which will be the voting members, and five non-voting industry associations (the European Money Markets Institute, the European Fund and Asset Management Association, the International Capital Market Association, the International Swaps and Derivative Association and the Loan Market Association). The European Investment Bank has also been invited to join the working group. The Commission, ECB, ESMA and FSMA will participate as observers. The working group is charged with identifying and recommending alternatives to the benchmark rates currently used in the EU – the EURIBOR and EONIA. The choice of alternative reference rates for the euro is expected by the end of 2018. The working group must also develop best practices for contract robustness and an adoption plan for the new reference rates, including any transitional plan for legacy contracts referencing the existing benchmarks.

View the working group information.

View the working group terms of reference.

The Bank of England has published statements of commitment to the FX Global Code, the UK Money Markets Code and the Global Precious Metal Code. By issuing the statements, the BoE is demonstrating that it will abide by the principles of the three market codes, both when acting as a market participant and also when its activities include acting as agent for HM Treasury in managing the UK's official reserves in the Exchange Equalisation Account. HM Treasury has separately confirmed that it is content with the BoE's ability to adhere to the codes. Six other central banks in the European System of Central Banks have also simultaneously issued their own statements of commitment to the Global FX Code and it is expected all ESCB banks will have done so by May 2018.

Read more.

A Commission Delegated Regulation on Regulatory Technical Standards for the materiality threshold for credit obligations past due has been published in the Official Journal of the European Union. The Delegated Regulation supplements the Capital Requirements Regulation with regard to the conditions for use of the internal ratings-based approach. The CRR risk quantification provisions set out that a default occurs when an obligor is past due more than 90 days on any material credit obligation to a firm, its parent or any of its subsidiaries. The materiality of the credit obligation is to be assessed against a threshold set by the national regulator according to its view of a reasonable level of risk. The European Banking Authority was obliged to prepare draft RTS specifying the conditions for setting that threshold by a national regulator.

The Delegated Regulation sets out those conditions for retail exposures and for exposures other than retail exposures as well as providing for notification of materiality thresholds to the EBA, the updating of the thresholds and the applicable date for thresholds.

The Delegated Regulation applies from May 7, 2018.

View the Delegated Regulation.

The European Securities and Markets Authority has published a final report and final draft Implementing Technical Standards on forms and procedures for cooperation of National Regulators and ESMA with other EU Authorities under the Market Abuse Regulation. MAR, which entered into force on July 3, 2016, requires national regulators and ESMA to cooperate and exchange information with certain EU authorities in investigations and on supervision and enforcement matters by exchanging information, taking statements from individuals and conducting on-site inspections or investigations. The other authorities are the European Commission, the Agency for Cooperation of Energy Regulators, national regulatory authorities responsible for related spot markets and, in relation to emission allowances, the auction monitor and relevant auction national regulators. The final draft ITS describe the procedures to be followed for making, acknowledging, processing and replying to requests for assistance and when unsolicited assistance is provided and contain standard forms to be used when doing so. The European Commission has three months to consider whether to adopt the ITS.

View the final report and draft ITS.

The US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the US Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the US Farm Credit Administration and the US Federal Housing Finance Agency issued a joint notice of proposed rulemaking seeking comment regarding the minimum margin requirements for covered swap entities (the “Swap Margin Rule”).  The proposed rule would amend swap margin requirements to ensure conformity with rules recently adopted by the Federal Reserve Board, the OCC and the FDIC, which impose restrictions on certain swap and other financial contracts that are deemed to be qualified financial contracts.  The proposed rule would amend the definition of “Eligible Master Netting Agreement” to align with the revised definition of “Qualifying Master Netting Agreement” in the recent rules adopted by the Federal Reserve Board, the OCC and the FDIC, and would ensure that a netting agreement for a firm subject to the Swap Margin Rule is not excluded from the definition of “Eligible Master Netting Agreement” solely on the basis of the firm’s compliance with the recently promulgated qualified financial contract rules.  The proposed rule would also provide that certain legacy agreements would not become subject to the Swap Margin Rule solely on the basis of their amendment to comply with the qualified financial contract rules recently promulgated by the Federal Reserve Board, the OCC and the FDIC.  Comments to the proposed rule are due no later than 60 days following publication in the Federal Register.

View interagency notice of proposed rulemaking.

Jerome Powell was sworn in as Chairman of the US Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.  Mr. Powell also serves as Chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee.

View the Federal Reserve Board press release.

The European Commission has published a letter to the European Securities and Markets Authority in response to a query from ESMA on the interpretation of the Money Market Funds Regulation concerning "reverse distribution". Reverse distribution involves the cancellation of fund units in certain market environments, notably where negative interest rates prevail.

ESMA had concluded, in its public consultation on its draft Implementing Technical Standards for the MMFR, that the reverse distribution mechanism (often referred to as "share cancellation" or "share destruction") was not compatible with MMFR. ESMA's final draft ITS therefore did not provide for information on the "destruction" of shares to be included in quarterly reporting to national regulators. ESMA received industry feedback to its consultation to the effect that reverse distribution is a common market practice, accepted by both national regulators and investors. ESMA sought legal advice from the Commission. The Commission's response, dated January 19, 2018, confirms that reverse distribution is not compatible with the MMFR, and invites ESMA to issue guidance to ensure supervisory convergence on this issue.

View the letter.

New UK secondary legislation has been laid before Parliament to make the necessary minor technical changes to align UK legislation with recently introduced changes to EU legislation. An EU regulation amending the European Venture Capital Funds Regulation and European Social Entrepreneurship Funds Regulation took effect from November 30, 2017. The amending regulation made various changes to the EuSEF Regulation and EuVECA Regulation to extend the range of eligible managers for EuSEF and EuVECA funds, to extend the range of eligible assets and to prohibit registration fees and simplify the registration process.

This has necessitated new legislation in the form of the Alternative Investment Fund Managers (Amendment) Regulations 2018. These UK amending regulations make minor changes to the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Regulations 2013 in relation to the procedures to be followed when applying to register as a manager of a European social entrepreneurship fund or a European venture capital fund and for the refusal or revocation of such registration. The UK amending regulations also update definitions found in other UK secondary legislation. The changes come into force in part on March 1, 2018 and in part on April 2, 2018.

View the Alternative Investment Fund Managers (Amendment) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/134).

View the explanatory memorandum.

The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Benchmarks) Regulations 2018 have been laid before Parliament and will come into force mainly on February 27, 2018. Certain provisions will come into force on July 1, 2018 and transitional provisions apply until revoked on May 1, 2020.

The UK already has a fairly comprehensive regime for benchmark regulation.  The new UK Regulations make the necessary changes to UK primary and secondary legislation to align it with the EU Benchmarks Regulation, which introduces a common framework and consistent approach to benchmark regulation across the EU and which has been directly applicable throughout the EU since January 1, 2018. The UK Regulations appoint the Financial Conduct Authority as "competent authority" for the purposes of the EU Benchmarks Regulation.

Read more.

The UK Financial Conduct Authority has published a consultation setting out proposed changes to its Decision Procedure and Penalties manual and its Enforcement Guide. The amendments to DEPP and EG reflect changes introduced by the EU Benchmarks Regulation, which took effect on January 1, 2018. The Benchmarks Regulation has been implemented in the UK by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Benchmarks) Regulations 2018, which will make the necessary changes to the UK statutory framework when they come into force mainly on February 27, 2018.

Read more.
 

The Chief Executive of the Financial Conduct Authority, Andrew Bailey, gave a speech on Brexit at the Future of the City dinner. Mr. Bailey called for a joint commitment by the political authorities to a defined implementation period before the end of March this year and confirmed that the FCA regards Brexit as a top priority. He discussed the operational issues that may arise as a result of Brexit, for example, contractual continuity for derivatives and insurance contracts, UK CCP clearing services and the holding and sharing of data. He also highlighted that mutually agreed and enacted provisions in both the UK and the EU were needed to properly address these matters. The FCA is working with the UK Government to ensure that the UK has a functioning regulatory regime on the date of Brexit and during any transitional period. The UK Government has confirmed that it will introduce draft legislation, if needed, to ensure an interim regulatory permissions regime and to ensure contractual continuity.

In addition, Mr. Bailey discussed the advantages to both the EU and the UK of adopting a mutual recognition regime post-Brexit which continues the existing open financial markets. He noted that during the EU's negotiations with the US on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, the EU proposed the inclusion of financial services in the trade agreement, which was based on mutual recognition and close regulatory cooperation, and suggested that the proposal could be used as a starting point for the EU and UK to agree a framework for mutual recognition.

View the text of the speech.

The US Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System issued a cease-and-desist order against a large US financial institution.  The order requires the institution to utilize its resources to ensure compliance with consent orders issued by other US federal financial regulators.  The order also requires the institution to submit written plans to its applicable Federal Reserve Bank that are designed to further enhance board-level oversight and governance of the institution and further improve the institution’s compliance and operational risk management program.  These plans must be approved by the relevant Federal Reserve Bank and are subject to third-party review once implemented.  In addition, the institution may not grow until the requirements of the cease-and-desist order are satisfied, absent specific Federal Reserve Board approval.  Concurrently with the release of the cease-and-desist order, the Federal Reserve Board sent letters addressed to the institution’s board of directors, its former lead independent director, and its former Chair describing governance deficiencies identified by the Federal Reserve Board.  The Federal Reserve Board press release accompanying the publication of the order also noted upcoming changes in the composition of the institution’s board of directors.

View the Federal Reserve Board announcement.

The European Securities and Markets Authority has published a report setting out the results of its second EU-wide CCP stress test exercise. The European Market Infrastructure Regulation requires ESMA to conduct the exercise at least once per year to assess the resilience and safety of EU CCPs. The second stress test tested the resilience of 16 European CCPs, with approximately 900 clearing members EU-wide.

The 2017 stress test builds on the first stress test conducted in 2016, which only examined counterparty credit risk. The second stress test included liquidity risks and examined whether CCPs would meet their liquidity needs under different stress scenarios. ESMA has published some Q&A to accompany the report.

View the ESMA report.

View the ESMA Q&A.

The administrator of the Euro OverNight Index Average, the European Money Markets Institute, has announced its decision not to pursue a thorough review of the EONIA benchmark.

EONIA represents the weighted average of all overnight unsecured lending transactions in the interbank market undertaken in the European Union and European Free Trade Association countries. EMMI, which also administers Euribor, had been engaged in a review program since December 2015 with the objective of enhancing EONIA's governance and operation to align it with the requirements of the EU Benchmarks Regulation, which took effect on January 1, 2018.

Read more.

The US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the US Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System released the 2018 scenarios for the Dodd-Frank Act Stress Test (DFAST), and the Federal Reserve Board issued its instructions to the firms participating in the 2018 Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR).

Read more.

The U.K. Home Office has published guidance on sharing of information within the regulated sector under the Criminal Finances Act 2017. The CFA 2017 amends the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 and the Terrorism Act 2000 to allow banks and other financial institutions to voluntarily share information with each other about a suspicion that a person is engaged in money laundering or a terrorist financing offense. The National Crime Agency is also permitted to request banks and financial institutions to voluntarily share information. The new information sharing provisions cover the entire regulated sector. However, implementation is being phased in, starting with banks and financial institutions.

The guidance confirms that sharing of information is voluntary and does not change the mandatory obligation to file a Suspicious Activity Report if appropriate. It also confirms that in sharing information, firms must ensure that they comply with data protection requirements, including under the incoming General Data Protection Regulation. In addition, the guidance confirms that where information is shared in good faith under the relevant CFA 2017 provisions, the POCA 2002 tipping off offense does not apply.

The guidance sets out the roles and responsibilities of firms involved in information sharing, the processes and procedures for submitting notifications and disclosures to the NCA and the interaction of the new provisions with the existing money laundering provisions.

View the guidance.

The International Organization of Securities Commissions has published its final report and recommendations on liquidity risk management for open-ended collective investment schemes. It has also published a report on good practices and considerations in open-ended fund liquidity and risk management. These reports follow the consultation run last year and constitute IOSCO's final response to the Financial Stability Board Policy Recommendations to Address Structural Vulnerabilities from Asset Management Activities, published in January 2017, which called on IOSCO to review and revise its guidance, where appropriate.

The first report, Recommendations for Liquidity Risk Management for Collective Investment Schemes, sets out recommendations for managing the liquidity of CIS to ensure the protection of investor's interests, including in stressed market conditions. The Recommendations are addressed to those responsible for liquidity risk management of CIS and to national regulators. There are 17 recommendations covering the CIS design process, day-to-day liquidity management and contingency planning. The report replaces IOSCO's 2013 report on liquidity risk management for CIS.

Read more. 

The European Commission has announced the launch of the EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum. The Commission intends the new Forum to build on existing initiatives and to ensure the feasibility of Blockchain use cross-border. It is also expected to assist in tackling difficulties arising from the use of Blockchain, such as disintermediation, trust, security and traceability. Furthermore, the Blockchain Observatory and Forum will support cross-border cooperation on practical use cases and be an open forum for discussing and developing new ideas.

The Commission's FinTech Action Plan is expected to be issued in Spring.

View the press release.

The Financial Conduct Authority has appointed Nausicaa Delfas as Executive Directive of International. The appointment creates a new role at the FCA and highlights the importance of developing the FCA's strategy for international engagement, especially in the lead up to the UK's withdrawal from the EU.

View the FCA's press release.

The US Commodity Futures Trading Commission is considering a new measure to calculate the size of the interest rate swap (IRS) markets. Under the methodology proposed in a paper by CFTC Chief Economist Bruce Tuckman, the value of the IRS markets would be determined by the calculation of what the paper refers to as "Entity-Netted Notionals" (ENNs) instead of the current gross notional measure used today, which the paper argues overstates risk transfer in the markets.

ENNs would be calculated by: (1) converting the long and short notional amounts of each counterparty to five-year risk equivalents; (2) netting longs against shorts in a given currency within pairs of legal entities; and (3) summing the resulting net longs or shorts across counterparties. Under this calculation, the value of the current IRS markets would be approximately $15 trillion, which represents roughly 8% of the current $179 trillion market valuation under the current notional calculation.

In a speech introducing the paper, CFTC Chairman J. Christopher Giancarlo argued that the new measure would ensure the IRS markets are more easily compared to other markets, and, in particular, that it would bring their value closer to other fixed income markets, such as the markets for US Treasuries, corporate bonds, mortgages and municipal securities. However, he also acknowledged that ENNs are not intended to measure counterparty or operational risk and said his intention is not necessarily to use the calculation to rethink regulatory thresholds, such as the swap dealer de minimis registration threshold.

The CFTC is looking for market reaction to the ENNs proposal.

View the Office of the Chief Economist's paper.

View Chairman Giancarlo's speech.

The US House of Representatives passed five bills focused on regulatory reform for financial institutions.  The bills passed by the House include:  the Housing Opportunities Made Easier Act (H.R. 2255), which amends the Truth in Lending Act to allow mortgage appraisal services to be donated to organizations eligible to receive tax-deductible contributions;

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Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin testified before the US Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, & Urban Affairs at the committee’s Financial Stability Oversight Council annual report to Congress hearing.  In his prepared statement, Secretary Mnuchin noted that the FSOC annual report recommended that member agencies review existing rules and regulations to reduce overlap and duplication, modernize regulations that have become outdated and tailor regulations to fit the size and complexity of the financial institutions for which the regulations are applicable.  Secretary Mnuchin praised Congress for the bipartisan Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, a legislative proposal that seeks to ease the regulatory burden on smaller community-based financial institutions, and urged both the US Senate and the US House of Representatives to take quick action to reduce regulatory burdens.  Secretary Mnuchin also stressed that cybersecurity is a key risk identified in the FSOC annual report. While Secretary Mnuchin stated that progress has been made with regard to cybersecurity, he highlighted the danger that a large-scale cybersecurity incident could significantly disrupt the financial system, especially given the ever-increasing reliance on technology.

View full text of Secretary Mnuchin’s statement.

The US Government Accountability Office released a report that details the compliance of six US federal financial institution regulators (the US Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the US Securities and Exchange Commission, the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the US Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) with the requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA).  Under the RFA, regulators must either consider a proposed rule or regulation’s impact on smaller financial institutions and consider potential alternatives, or certify that the proposed rule or regulation will not have a significant impact on a large percentage of small financial institutions.  The GAO report identified a number of weaknesses with the agencies’ compliance with both aspects of the RFA, including a lack of transparency with respect to documentation supporting an agency’s regulatory flexibility analysis, and missing information in certifications. The GAO report makes 10 recommendations—each tailored to respond to perceived weaknesses at specific regulators—with each of the 6 reviewed agencies receiving at least 1 recommendation. The recommendations include enhancing transparency, developing policies and procedures that better document and explain the respective agency’s analysis, and requiring the agencies to review existing evaluation frameworks to ensure harmonization with the requirements of the RFA.

View full text of the GAO report.

The US Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation announced that they have provided feedback to 19 non-US-based financial institutions on their 2015 resolution plans, and the Federal Reserve Board provided links to the feedback letters that were issued to each of these 19 financial institutions. The agencies noted in the announcement that given the limited complexity of these financial institutions’ US operations, the agencies will further tailor their expectations for the upcoming resolution plan submissions by these institutions, which are due no later than December 31, 2018.

View the Federal Reserve Board press release and feedback letters for each of the banks.

The US Consumer Financial Protection Bureau published a notice in the Federal Register requesting public comment regarding the agency’s Civil Investigative Demands (CID) processes.  Further to statements issued by CFPB Acting Director Mick Mulvaney, the request for information provides an opportunity for the public to provide comments aimed at improving and streamlining the CID processes for consumers and financial institutions.  The request for information asks for comment regarding a number of aspects of the CFPB’s CID processes, including suggestions for modifying or updating CID processes, proposed improvements to how information is conveyed to entities that receive CIDs and suggestions regarding the timing and deadlines under the existing CID framework.  Comments are due by March 27, 2018.

View CFPB’s Information Request.

The US Consumer Financial Protection Bureau published a final rule that amends the regulations implementing the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (Regulation E), and the Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z), and corresponding official interpretations.  The final rule makes a number of modifications to these regulations, including changes to error resolution requirements and limited liability provisions, which will now apply after a consumer’s identity has been verified, designed to promote prompt registration of prepaid cards by individuals.  In addition, the final rule clarifies how the prepaid rule applies to credit cards linked to digital wallets, which promotes consumer use of digital wallets, while providing the same protections that apply to traditional credit card accounts.  The final rule also delays the effective date of these provisions until April 1, 2019.

View the CFPB’s final rule.

The US Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation announced that the agencies will give favorable consideration under the Community Reinvestment Act for bank activities that helped with revitalization and stabilization of the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, which were designated as major disaster areas because of Hurricane Maria.  The agencies announced that financial institutions located anywhere in the United States, including outside of the affected areas, will receive favorable CRA consideration for their community development activities concerning affected areas and individuals, provided that the institution has been responsive to the CRA needs of its own assessment area.  The agencies clarified that favorable CRA consideration will be given to institutions that aid affected areas and individuals—including those who have been displaced and relocated outside of the affected areas—regardless of census information or the personal income of the individual being assisted.  The agencies did, however, note that greater weight will be given to activities that assist areas and individuals that are of low and moderate income.

View the interagency statement regarding the announcement.

US Associate Attorney General Rachel Brand issued a letter regarding the use of agency guidance, defined in the memo as “any agency statement of general applicability and future effect. . .that is designed to advise parties outside of the federal Executive Branch about legal rights and obligations,” as a tool for civil enforcement actions.  In the letter, Ms. Brand references a November 16, 2017 memo from US Attorney General Jeff Sessions entitled “Prohibition of Improper Guidance Documents.” The letter from Ms. Brand reiterates that guidance documents may not be used to circumvent the notice-and-comment rulemaking process.  The letter also highlights that Department of Justice personnel are prohibited from using agency guidance documents as a means to require that regulated entities take or refrain from any action not otherwise mandated by law or regulation, and that non-compliance with agency guidance should not in and of itself result in an enforcement action.  The letter notes that while agency guidance may be used for other purposes, such as showing that the financial institution had knowledge regarding its obligations under law or regulation, DOJ personnel should not use non-compliance with agency guidance as presumptive or conclusive evidence that a financial entity violated the underlying law or regulation.

View full text of DOJ letter.

The European Commission has published a report to the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union on the implementation and impact of the second Electronic Money Directive, known as 2EMD. 2EMD establishes a legal framework for the issuance and redemption of e-money and covers the rights and obligations linked to the redemption of funds by consumers, the licensing of e-money institutions and the prudential requirements applicable to e-money institutions, which updates the regime under the first Electronic Money Directive to align it with requirements on payment institutions under the revised Payment Services Directive. It applies to e-money service providers in the EEA. The regime has been sparsely used in practice, with few firms operating under its auspices.

2EMD requires the Commission to assess its implementation and impact and to propose legislative changes, if appropriate. The report was due on November 1, 2012, however, the Commission delayed its publication because a majority of member states had failed to transpose 2EMD into their national laws by the transposition date of April 2011. The Commission also wanted to take into account the impact of PSD2, which includes numerous cross-references to 2EMD.

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