The Payment Systems Regulator published its final report on its market review into the ownership and payment infrastructure competitiveness in the UK. The final report follows the PSR’s interim report which was published in February 2016. The PSR has concluded that there is currently no effective competition in the provision of UK payments central infrastructure services for Bacs, FPS and LINK (notwithstanding general satisfaction by operators and PSPs in terms of value for money, quality of service and innovation received from providers). This is partly because the operators have not periodically run competitive procurement processes or sufficiently tested the market when reproducing core infrastructure services. This means that the incumbent provider, VocaLink, has faced limited competitive pressure and minimal incentives to provide more efficient and innovative services. 

The European Securities and Markets Authority published a list of US designated contract markets considered equivalent to a regulated market in the European Union. The list is based on a Commission Implementing Decision published in the Official Journal of the European Union on July 2, 2016, which considered that 15 DCMs located in the United States are equivalent. The DCMs have been deemed equivalent for purposes of the definition of over-the-counter derivatives in the European Markets and Infrastructure Regulation. This means that derivative contracts traded on these DCMs would not be deemed to be OTC derivatives and therefore not be subject an obligation to clear the transactions, report on them and undertake risk mitigation steps as if they were OTC, under EMIR. To be deemed equivalent, a third country market must comply with legally binding requirements in its home state equivalent to the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive and must also be subject to effective supervision and enforcement in that third country on an on-going basis. 

View the Commission Implementing Decision.  

View ESMA’s library on post trading. 

The European Central Bank published a revised version of its Eurosystem Oversight Policy Framework, which describes the role of the Eurosystem in oversight of financial market infrastructure. Eurosystem promotes the safety and protection of FMIs and acts as the central bank of issues in EU and international cooperative arrangements for securities and derivatives clearing and settlement systems. FMI includes payment systems, and clearing and settlement systems. The revised version of the current framework, which builds on the edition published in September 2015, takes into account the significant regulatory and institutional changes and market developments that have affected Eurosystem’s oversight function since July 2011. This includes the revised and enhanced harmonized international standards and EU law such as the CPSS-IOSCO Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures. 

View the oversight policy.

The Bank for International Settlements' Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and the International Organization of Securities Commissions published Guidance on cyber resilience for financial market infrastructures. The Guidance supplements the CPMI-IOSCO Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures and aims to assist FMIs to improve their cyber resilience. The Guidance is not intended to impose additional standards on FMIs, but rather to provide FMIs with further detail on how they can enhance their cyber resilience capabilities and limit the increasing risks that cyber threats pose to financial stability. FMIs are expected to take a risk-based approach to implementing the Guidance and to act immediately to improve their cyber resilience, taking the Guidance into account. In particular, FMIs are expected to develop plans by June 2017 to improve their capability to meet the two-hour return to operations requirements.

View the Guidance on cyber resilience for financial market infrastructures.

The final EU Regulation on Benchmarks was published in the Official Journal of the European Union. The Benchmark Regulation has been introduced in response to the numerous instances of benchmark manipulation that have emerged in recent years. In addition, the Benchmark Regulation is intended to harmonize across the EU the rules that have implemented the International Organization of Securities Commissions Principles for Financial Benchmarks and Principles for Oil Price Reporting Agencies. 

The Benchmark Regulation sets out the authorization and registration requirements for benchmark administrators, including third country entities, requirements for governance and control of administrators, provides for different categories of benchmarks depending on the risks involved and imposes additional requirements on benchmarks considered to be critical, powers of national regulators to mandate, under certain conditions, contributions to or the administration of a critical benchmark.

Read more.

A Commission Implementing Regulation on the extension of the transitional periods related to own funds requirements for exposures to central counterparties set out in the Capital Requirements Regulation and European Markets Infrastructure Regulation was published in the Official Journal of the European Union. The authorization process for existing CCPs established in the European Union is on-going but will not be completed by the June 15, 2016 deadline. There are still two CCPs established in the Union that await authorization. The implementing Regulation extends the transitional period by an additional six months to December 15, 2016. 

The implementing Regulation entered into force on June 11, 2016.

View the Regulation. 

The Bank of England published a Financial Stability Paper on legal certainty for central counterparty default management processes. In the context of legal certainty, the paper focuses on the ability of CCPs effectively to manage a large member default. The paper provides analysis of the three key stages in the process of managing a default at a clearing house: (i) declaration of default; (ii) returning to a matched book; and (iii) managing collateral to absorb the losses caused by the default.

The paper examines the rules governing CCP default management and the extent to which they provide legal certainty. The current legal framework provides certainty around many aspects of financial markets which has been created through the interaction of contract and legislation at both UK and EU levels. Legislation such as the UK Companies Act 1989, European Market Infrastructure Regulation, Settlement Finality Regulation and the Financial Collateral Arrangements (No. 2) Regulation all provide protections but apply in different situations resulting in a patchwork of partial safe harbors. The Bank of England highlights various steps that could be taken to make this legislative framework more robust and coherent.

View the Financial Stability Paper.

The International Organization of Securities Commissions published its final report on the impact of storage infrastructures on the integrity of the price formation process of physically-delivered commodity derivatives contracts traded on regulated exchanges. The report sets out findings and conclusions following research, an industry survey and a public roundtable. IOSCO concludes that the IOSCO Principles for the Regulation and Supervision of Commodity Derivatives Markets provide an adequate framework for implementing effective oversight, governance and operational controls of storage infrastructure. IOSCO does not recommend the creation of additional principles or revision of the existing principles. However, it does consider that it is necessary to develop good practice guidelines and enhance current accepted practices.

Read more.

Executive Vice President and Head of the Wholesale Product Office at the US Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Richard Dzina, discussed the importance of improving the cyber resiliency of financial market infrastructures (FMIs) in light of escalating cyber threats with systemic consequences. Dzina cited the recent consultative report by the Committee on Payment and Market Infrastructures and the Board of the International Organization of Securities Commissions which provides guidance on cyber resilience for FMIs, including the expectation that their critical operations resume within a two-hour period following disruption. Heralding joint industry efforts as well as those taken by individual institutions, Dzina highlighted backup site (so-called "third site") capacity as a lynchpin to improving the resiliency of FMIs. Specifically, he recommended that FMIs invest in technologically diverse off-network third site solutions as a backstop to the measures they have in place to prevent against cyber-attacks. He stressed the importance of FMIs, particularly those at the epicenter of the financial system, continuously investing in improvements to resiliency and cybersecurity.

View Dzina’s speech.

The European Securities and Markets Authority published the results of its first EU-wide stress test for central counterparties, including recommendations for improving CCPs’ internal methodologies. ESMA must perform an annual stress test of all EU CCPs under the European Market Infrastructure Regulation. The exercise tested 17 European CCPs which held over €150 billion worth of default resources with more than 900 clearing members across the EU. The purpose of the stress test is to test the resilience and safety of the European CCP sector and identify any possible vulnerabilities, focusing on CCP credit risk when faced with multiple clearing member defaults and simultaneous price shocks. The results indicate that CCP resources are generally sufficient to cover losses resulting from the default of two EU-wide clearing member groups combined with historical and hypothetical market stress scenarios. However, under more severe stress scenarios, CCPs were faced with sector-wide residual uncovered losses varying from €0.1 billion to €4 billion. ESMA recommends that CCP internal methodologies can be improved by CCPs incorporating into their creditworthiness assessments of clearing members, the potential exposures their clearing members may face due to their membership in other CCPs and that regulators should ensure that CCPs revise the price shocks used in their internal stress test methodologies where the stress price shocks applied by CCPs were identified as not being as conservative as the minimum price shocks or as extreme as the most severe historical shocks. 

View the update.

View the Q&A on ESMA’s stress test. 

A Commission Delegated Regulation on central clearing for credit default swaps supplementing the European Markets Infrastructure Regulation was published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Under the Regulation, two classes of credit default over-the-counter derivatives are subject to the clearing obligation under EMIR: iTraxx Europe Main and iTraxx Europe Crossover.

Read more. 

New York Fed President William Dudley discussed the importance to the global economy of economic growth and prosperity in the United States and the European Union. He applauded progress that has been made to date towards strengthening global banking systems, including increased capital and liquidity standards for international banks. However, he noted that more needs to be done in order to solve the so-called “too big to fail” problem. Specifically, Dudley stated that impediments to an orderly cross-border resolution need to be fully identified and dismantled, and cross-border regulatory cooperation needs to be further enhanced, including through greater exchange of confidential supervisory information. Moreover, he noted the importance of establishing a level playing field across jurisdictions in respect of cross-border resolution, so that the regulatory focus would be on safety and soundness rather than “trying to protect, favor, or shield national champions.”

The European Securities and Markets Authority announced it will publish its first EU-wide stress tests for EU Central Counterparties. Under the European Markets Infrastructure Regulation ESMA is mandated to conduct stress tests for CCPs. The stress test will evaluate the resilience and safety of the European CCP sector and identify any vulnerabilities. The focus of the exercise is to test counterparty credit risk that CCPs would face in the event of multiple clearing member default combined with simultaneous market price shocks. The results of the stress test will be published on an anonymized and aggregated basis on April 29, 2016. 

View the announcement.

The Bank of England announced that effective April 25, 2016, it would become the administrator of the Sterling Overnight Index Average interest rate benchmark. SONIA provides bank and building societies’ overnight funding rates in the sterling unsecured market. It is designated as a specified benchmark under UK legislation. The Wholesale Market Brokers’ Association is currently the administrator of SONIA and is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Under the new arrangements, the WMBA will be the calculation and publication agent for the SONIA benchmark, with the Bank of England assuming overall responsibility and providing governance and oversight. The Bank of England has been working to reform SONIA since March 2015 and intends to broaden the range of transactions supporting SONIA to include bilaterally negotiated and brokered transactions. The Bank of England's new money market data collection, announced in July 2015, will be used as the data source once it is properly established. The full transition is expected to be completed by Q2 2017. 

View the Bank of England's announcement. 

The European Securities and Market Authority published its final report and amending regulatory technical standards on the margin period for Central Counterparty client accounts. The amending RTS change the time horizons for the liquidation period for gross omnibus accounts and individual segregated accounts for exchange traded derivatives and securities. ESMA considers that a CCP, in a liquidation period, should be able to either transfer or liquidate the position of the defaulting clearing member and furthermore, have sufficient margin to cover exposures arising from such transfer or liquidation.

Read More. 

The European Securities and Market Authority published its final report containing final draft amending regulatory technical standards regarding requirements for regulator access to Trade Repositories data and the subsequent aggregation and comparison of that data. The European Market Infrastructure Regulation requires ESMA to develop draft technical standards specifying the frequency and the details of the information to be made available to regulators by TRs. TRs are to provide regulators with access as required. ESMA has amended the RTS, first published in 2013, to provide regulators with better access to data and to improve their ability to compare and aggregate data. For the exchange of data between TRs and regulators, ESMA has proposed an XML template based on ISO 20022 methodology. ISO 20022 is a universal message scheme for the financial services industry. This methodology can be used to facilitate aggregation and comparison of data across repositories. The amended RTS also defines the minimum operational standards to allow direct and immediate access to TR data and the aggregation and comparison of data across TRs. The amended RTS sets out definitive timelines for the provision of data to regulators. ESMA expects this will enable regulators to better plan and schedule their internal processes for gathering and analysis of TR data. The RTS provides minimum standards for secure machine to machine connection and data exchange between TRs and regulators. In particular, ESMA has proposed enhanced procedures for data security, including the use of electronic signatures and data encryption protocols when providing regulators access to TR data. ESMA's proposed amendments to operation standards on data access also require TRs to validate in a timely manner requests from regulators. ESMA has submitted the additional final draft RTS to the European Commission for endorsement.

View the final report.

An equivalence Decision on the derivatives regulatory regimes for derivatives clearing organisations in the United States was published in the Official Journal of the European Union. The Decision follows the announcement by the European Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission of a common approach on the supervision of CCPs operating in the US and EU. The Decision declares that the legal and supervisory arrangements of the CFTC for DCOs that have been declared systemically important derivatives clearing organisations by the Financial Stability Oversight Council or DCOs that have opted into additional standards similar to the SIDCO regime (so-called “Subpart C DCOs”) are equivalent to the EU requirements under EMIR, provided that the DCO’s internal rules and procedures meet the following requirements: (i) for derivatives contracts executed on regulated markets, a minimum liquidation period of two days for initial margin is applied to clearing members’ proprietary positions; (ii) for all derivative contracts, measures are in place to limit procyclicality which are equivalent to the options under EMIR; and (iii) the DCO has sufficient pre-funded available resources enabling it to withstand the default of at least two clearing members to which it has the largest exposures under extreme conditions. 
 

The UK Payment Systems Regulator published its interim report relating to its market review into the supply of indirect access to payment systems. The PSR considers that competition in the supply of indirect access is going in the right direction for indirect payment services providers. However, the regulator has concerns about choice, service quality and the ability of indirect payment services providers to switch providers. Responses to financial crime regulation is limiting the provision of indirect access. The PSR does not intend to take regulatory action at this stage but will monitor developments in the industry to assess whether its concerns are addressed. The PSR is seeking feedback on its interim findings and its approach and comments are due by May 5, 2016.

View the PSR's interim report.

The International Organization of Securities Commissions published its Second Review of the Implementation of IOSCO's Principles for Financial Benchmarks by Administrators of the Euro Inter-Bank Offer Rate, the London Inter-Bank Offer Rate and the Tokyo Inter-Bank Offer Rate. The IOSCO Principles were first published in 2013 to enhance the reliability of benchmark determinations. The first review on the implementation of the Principles was published in 2014 and included remedial recommendations for the administrators of EURIBOR, LIBOR and TIBOR. The Second Review reports on progress made in implementing the recommendations set out in the 2014 review report. IOSCO found that the three administrators – European Money Markets Institute, ICE Benchmark Administration and JBA TIBOR Administration – have all taken steps to implement the recommendations and that most of the recommendations have already been implemented or steps taken to implement them.

Read more.

The Payment Systems Regulator published an interim report following its market review into bank ownership and payment infrastructure competitiveness in the UK. The PSR's motivation to conduct the review stems from its statutory objective to promote competition and innovation in the market for payment systems and the services that the systems provide. The Report outlines the PSR's provisional finding that there is no effective competition in the central payment infrastructure market.

Read More.

The International Swaps and Derivatives Association published a paper which analyzes the regulatory frameworks in the US and EU for the supervision and oversight of trading platforms and aims to provide principles for the recognition of EU trading platforms by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Both the US and the EU have introduced rules which require certain derivatives to be traded on trading platforms. The US rules, which came into force in October 2013, provide that US persons may only trade the relevant derivatives on platforms that have registered as a Swap Execution Facility and that are subject to the oversight of the CFTC. The EU Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation, which is currently due to come into force on January 3, 2017 unless proposed legislation is passed to delay it for a year, requires certain derivatives to be traded on EU trading venues. ISDA considers that the CFTC should be able to make comparability decisions, deeming EU trading platforms comparable with those in the US, by focusing on the outcomes and core objectives of the EU regime, thereby recognizing EU trading platforms as SEFs. This would allow US persons to trade on an EU trading venue in compliance with the US trade execution rules.
 
View ISDA's paper.

The US Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System issued an interim final rule amending Regulation I to implement provisions of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act. The FAST Act reduced the dividend rate applicable to certain Reserve Bank depository institution stockholders that have total consolidated assets of more than $10 billion to the lesser of (i) 6 percent or (ii) the most recent 10-year Treasury auction rate prior to the dividend payment. The dividend rate for other member banks remains at 6 percent. Typically, Reserve Banks pay dividends to member banks twice each year in June and December.

The interim final rule also adjusts the treatment of accrued dividends when a Reserve Bank issues or cancels capital stock owned by a large member bank. Comments to the interim final rule will be accepted for 60 days from publication in the Federal Register.

View the Federal Reserve Board press release. 

View the interim final rule. 

The European Commission asked the European Securities and Markets Authority for technical advice on potential delegated acts due under the proposed European Benchmark Regulation. The proposed Benchmark Regulation aims to ensure that benchmarks produced and used in the EU are robust, reliable, fit for purpose and free from manipulation. The Commission's mandate requests technical advice from ESMA on matters including: (i) what constitutes administering arrangements for determining a benchmark, taking into account different existing business practices; (ii) what constitutes the issuance of a financial instrument for the purposes of defining the use of a benchmark; and (iii) the conditions under which a national regulator may decide that there is an objective reason for the provision of a benchmark or family of benchmarks in a third country. In response to the Commission's request, ESMA published a discussion paper on the Regulation and its technical implementation. The proposed Regulation is expected to enter into force in June 2016. ESMA has been asked to provide its technical advice four months after the Regulation's entry into force. Currently, the Benchmark Regulation and delegated acts are expected to apply 18 months after the Regulation enters into force.
 
View the Commission's request for technical advice.
 
View the Commission's covering letter to ESMA.
 
View ESMA's discussion paper.

The Financial Conduct Authority published a Policy Statement on Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory access to regulated benchmarks, setting out the feedback it received to its consultation last year. The Policy Statement includes the FCA's final rules which affect the administrators of eight regulated benchmarks: the ICE London Inter Bank Offered Rate (ICE LIBOR), the Sterling Overnight Index Average (SONIA), the Repurchase Overnight Index Average (RONIA), the WM/Reuters London 4pm Closing Spot Rate, the ICE Swap Rate, the LBMA Gold Price, the LBMA Silver Price and the ICE Brent Index. The rules go beyond the general competition powers of the FCA and include specific requirements on benchmark administrators in relation to access. The FCA rules are changed from those in the initial consultation in being limited to users that are exchanges, clearing houses and multilateral trading facilities, consistent with EU regulations, in particular the Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (which is due to apply from January 3, 2017). The FCA's final rules enter into force on April 1, 2016.
 
View the Policy Statement.

The European Securities and Markets Authority published a report providing an overview of its 2015 supervisory work relating to Credit Rating Agencies and Trade Repositories and setting out its workplan for 2016. ESMA's focus for 2016 includes: (i) improving the quality of credit ratings; (ii) improving trade repository quality data and data access; (iii) improving CRA governance and strategy; (iv) devoting resources to its enforcement work where it is aware of facts that may be infringing regulatory requirements; and (v) enhancing international cooperation with third country supervisors.
 
View the report.

The European Securities and Markets Authority published a final report setting out draft Regulatory Technical Standards on settlement discipline as required under the Central Securities Depository Regulation. The RTS cover measures for preventing settlement fails through automated matching, a hold and release mechanism, and partial settlement. The RTS also provide measures for monitoring and addressing settlement fails such as a mechanism for cash penalties and a buy-in process. ESMA has submitted the final draft RTS to the European Commission for endorsement.
 
View the Final Report and RTS.

The US Office of Financial Research issued its 2015 Annual Report to Congress. Among other things, the report states that threats to US financial stability have “edged higher” since last year’s report, but remain in the moderate range. According to the OFR, that assessment has not changed since the Federal Reserve Board incrementally increased short-term interest rates in December. Additional OFR findings highlighted in the report include how policymakers have taken important steps to eliminate implied taxpayer support for large, complex financial institutions whose serious distress could threaten financial stability. Furthermore, the report notes that while clearing derivatives trades through central counterparties has significant benefits in reducing the risks to counterparties of default, a CCP can also be a single point of vulnerability for failure and creates the potential for propagation of risks.

View the OFR Annual Report to Congress. 

The European Systemic Risk Board published a report on the systemic risk implications of CCP interoperability arrangements which are governed by the European Market Infrastructure Regulation. There are currently five interoperable links in operation in the EU, including four authorized EU CCPs, a Swiss CCP and its Norwegian branch. The ESRB considers that the EU's current regulatory framework for interoperability is sound. However, the ESRB recommends that: (i) more regulatory granularity should be included in the framework to provide clarity for supervisors and regulators, to avoid regulatory arbitrage and to ensure a harmonized EU approach; (ii) the expected proposed legislation on CCP recovery and resolution should clarify the interaction of an interoperability arrangement with the default waterfall framework as well as portability and other default management measures; (iii) further analysis of the risks involved in interoperable arrangements for derivatives should be carried out; and (iv) the ESRB should be given a consultative role on the future development of any guidelines and rules on interoperability. The European Securities and Markets Authority recommended in February 2015 that the interoperability provisions in EMIR, which are limited to transferable securities and money-market instruments, should not be extended to OTC derivatives but could be extended to Exchange-Traded Derivatives. The European Commission must take the ESRB and ESMA reports into account when it prepares its report to the European Parliament and Council on the issue.
 
View the ESRB report.

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York announced the end of its Mortgage Operations Counterparty Pilot Program on December 31, 2015. The program, first announced in August 2014, was intended to discover ways to expand the range of firms acting as counterparties in the Federal Reserve’s open market operations, and to analyze the extent to which firms beyond the primary dealer community can raise the New York Fed’s operational capacity and resiliency in its monetary policy operations. Three firms participated in the MOC pilot program and began transacting with the Open Market Trading Desk in secondary market outright operations of agency mortgage-backed securities in December 2014. The results of the pilot programs will provide useful inputs in the Desk’s ongoing evaluations of the Federal Reserve’s counterparty framework.

View the New York Fed press release. 

The revised EU Payment Services Directive, known as PSD2, was published in the Official Journal of the European Union. The aims of PSD2, which focuses on electronic payments and payment services within the EU, include making payments between Member States as secure, easy and efficient as those made within a Member State, regulating new types of payment services and payment services providers which are currently unregulated and stimulating competition in the electronic payments market. Member States must transpose PSD2 into their national laws by January 13, 2018 and apply those laws from that date, subject to certain exceptions and transitional measures. PSD2 will appeal the current Payment Services Directive with effect from January 13, 2018.
 
View PSD2.

The European Banking Authority published final draft Regulatory Technical Standards which set out the prudential regime for central securities depositories under the Central Securities Depositories Regulation. A distinction is made in CSDR between CSDs that offer banking-type ancillary services and which are also authorised as credit institutions (i.e. banks) and CSDs that are not permitted to offer ancillary banking services. The final draft RTS cover: (i) the capital requirements applicable to all CSDs; (ii) the additional risk-based capital surcharge which takes into account the risks, including intra-day credit and liquidity risks, that arise from the ancillary banking services of CSDs; and (iii) the framework and tools for monitoring, measuring, managing, reporting and disclosing the above-mentioned credit and liquidity risks. CSDs that carry out ancillary banking services will also need to comply with the Capital Requirements Regulation and the final draft RTS impose stricter requirements than those in CRR in some respects. The final draft RTS have been sent to the European Commission for endorsement. The CSDR, which introduces common standards for settlements across the EU, will apply directly across the EU from January 1, 2023 to transferable securities issued after that date and from January 1, 2025 to all transferable securities.

View the final draft RTS.

HM Treasury published the Payment Account Regulations together with an explanatory memorandum. The Regulations implement the Payment Accounts Directive which sets common standards for payment service providers across EU Member States. The three main policy objectives of the PAD are: (i) to improve transparency and comparability of payment account fees used on a daily basis for payment transactions (i.e. personal current accounts); (ii) to make it less burdensome for consumers to be able to move their current account from one payment service provider to another; and (iii) to ensure that EU residents have access to banking services and that a sufficient number of accounts that offer basic features are available. The new Regulations cover: (i) the obligations on payment service providers to enable consumers to make informed choices when choosing a payment account; (ii) non-discrimination in the provision of and access to payments accounts; and (iii) switching payments accounts and the facilitation of cross-border account opening for consumers. The Regulations will enter into force on September 18, 2016 except for those provisions related to the obligation of the Financial Conduct Authority to publish a list of the most representative services linked to a payment account and subject to a fee which will come into effect six months after the publication of that list.

View the Regulations.

The Payment Systems Regulator published its first annual report on access and governance of payment systems. The report sets out the progress of operators of designated payment systems in achieving more open and flexible direct access to payment systems and making the governance of payment system operators more inclusive and transparent. The report states that operators could do more to enable access for smaller banks and non-bank payment service providers and must ensure that the views of those that rely on payment systems are represented in the decision making of operators. The PSR also reports that progress has been made so far on clearer and fairer requirements for direct access, transparency of payment system operator decisions and better representation of payment systems' users' views.

View the report.

The European Securities and Markets Authority published a consultation paper on a review of the Regulatory Technical Standards for CCPs on the time horizons for the liquidation period for margin held by CCPs for exchange-traded derivatives. The RTS currently specify a two-day time horizon as the liquidation period used in the time horizons for margin calculations, across all CCP accounts for exchange-traded products.  The original RTS use this two-day liquidation period but based on net margin models, where offsetting positions of different customers cancel one another out. A key economic difference has been noted between the US and EU regimes for CCP margins, in that the US only requires a one day liquidation period but is calculated on a gross basis across all customer positions. A degree of harmonization of the two regimes is proposed to assist the EU in adopting a long-awaited equivalence decision for US CCPs under EMIR, with proposed adoption of the alternative of a “one day gross” model for European CCP customer accounts. The two-day standard for clearing members' house accounts and the five-day liquidation period for OTC products would be retained. The consultation follows on from ESMA's discussion paper published in August 2015. Comments are due by February 1, 2016.
 
View the consultation paper.

The Chairman of the FDIC, Martin J. Gruenberg and the Comptroller of the Currency, Thomas J. Curry, testified before the Committee on Financial Services in the US House of Representatives on the progress achieved by the US Financial Stability Oversight Council in fulfilling its mandate. Both Chairman Gruenberg and Comptroller Curry discussed the actions taken by the FSOC toward (i) identifying risks to financial stability arising from entities designated as systemically important financial institutions; and (ii) identifying and addressing systemic risk in the US financial system. On the issue of SIFI designation, both Chairman Gruenberg and Comptroller Curry noted the final rule and guidance issued by the FSOC, setting forth the formal process used by the FSOC in making such a determination. Comptroller Curry noted further the final rule and interpretive guidance issued by the FSOC for identifying and designating systemically important financial market utilities.

On the issue of identifying and addressing systemic risk, Chairman Gruenberg pointed to the FSOC Annual Reports, which provides the basis for analysis of potential emerging risks to US financial stability.

View the full text of Chairman Gruenberg’s testimony.

View the full text of Comptroller Curry’s written testimony.

HM Treasury published a consultation on the implementation of the Central Securities Depositories Regulation. The CSDR introduces common standards for settlements across the EU, such as the harmonization of the rules governing central securities depositories which operate the infrastructures enabling settlement, and the timing of securities settlement in the EU. The consultation seeks views on proposed changes to domestic legislation so that provisions of domestic law which overlap with the CSDR are disapplied and changes and enforcement powers are provided for. The CSDR will apply directly across the EU from January 1, 2023 to transferable securities issued after that date and from January 1, 2025 to all transferable securities. Certain provisions will only apply from the date of entry into force of any delegated acts adopted by the Commission under the CSDR.
 
View the consultation.

The US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued updated guidance regarding its risk assessment system. Specifically, the updated guidance (i) clarifies the relationship between the RAS and CAMELS; (ii) revises the definition of banking risk in order to apply across all risk categories, and broadens the concept of risk to include potential impacts from losses, reduced earning, and market value of equity; (iii) expands the “quality of risk management” assessment to include a new category of “insufficient” between satisfactory and weak in order to better categorize and communicate concerns; and (iv) expands the assessment of strategic and reputation risks to include both quantity of risk and quality of risk management.

View the text of the OCC press release.

The Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and International Organization of Securities Commissions published a report on the implementation of the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures. The Principles are the international standards for payment, clearing and settlement systems as well as trade repositories aiming to ensure that the infrastructure supporting global financial markets is resilient enough to endure financial shock. The Principles consist of five general responsibilities for the relevant national regulators for FMIs: (i) regulation, supervision and oversight of FMIs; (ii) regulatory, supervisory and oversight powers and resources; (iii) disclosure of policies relating to FMIs; (iv) application of the Principles for FMIs; and (v) cooperation with other regulators. The report covers the implementation of the Principles in 28 participating jurisdictions and states that most jurisdictions have achieved a high level of observance of the responsibilities: 16 jurisdictions fully observed all responsibilities for all FMI types and two jurisdictions either fully or broadly observed each of the five responsibilities for all FMI types. Annex 3 of the report sets out the findings for each jurisdiction.
 
View the report.

The Financial Stability Board published a report detailing its progress in implementing its September 2014 recommendations for reforms to Foreign Exchange benchmarks. Although the report states that progress has been made in implementing many of the recommendations, the FSB notes that there are still areas where progress has been mixed. Specifically, among other things, the report reiterates that the FSB recommendations are intended to apply to all FX benchmarks, not just the London 4pm fix benchmark. The FSB asserts that a more complete implementation of the recommendations, particularly regarding other FX benchmarks, is essential to building upon improvements already witnessed.

View the report.

The European Securities and Markets Authority published a final report and final draft Regulatory and Implementing Technical Standards on improving securities settlement in the European Union and on Central Securities Depositories requirements. This follows from ESMA’s previously published discussion paper and consultation paper which sought views on the proposed technical standards. The final report sets out the feedback received from the consultation paper and ESMA’s proposed changes to the RTS and ITS on CSD as well as the RTS and ITS on internalised settlement. The two final draft standards on CSDs cover: (i) the authorisation and identification requirements for applicant CSDs, including forms and templates for CSDs applying for authorisation; (ii) recognition of a third-country CSD; (iii) risk monitoring rules that a CSD must establish; (iv) record keeping; and (v) general requirements for cooperation arrangements between regulators in home and host member states. The two final draft standards on internalised settlement cover: (i) templates and procedures for the reporting and transmission of information on internalised settlements; and (ii) specifications for the content of reporting on internalised settlements. The RTS on settlement discipline will become available later in a separate report, as ESMA still needs to review responses received to its more recent consultation on the operation of the buy-in process. ESMA will submit the final draft RTS and ITS to the European Commission for endorsement.

View the final report and technical standards.

On September 23, 2015, the US Federal Reserve Board approved enhancements to its automated clearing house service that will require its receiving depository institutions to process same-day payments. Morning settlements will now be cleared by 1pm, and afternoon settlements by 5pm, according to the approved plan. Originating banks will be required to pay a 5.2 cent interbank fee to receiving banks for each same-day electronic payment. The enhancements become effective September 23, 2016.

View the press release.

The European Central Bank published a revised version of its Eurosystem Oversight Policy Framework which describes the role of the Eurosystem in oversight of payment systems. The Framework has been amended to remove the references to the Eurosystem location policy for CCPs. The revision follows the judgment of the General Court of March 4, 2015 on the UK Government's challenge of the Framework (as it then stood) and which annulled the Framework in so far as it set a requirement for CCPs to be located within the Eurozone. The Framework aimed to prevent CCPs in the European Union but outside the Eurozone from being able to have access to ECB Euro settlement facilities. Following that judgment, the ECB and the Bank of England announced that they had agreed to enhanced information exchange and cooperation arrangements for UK CCPs with significant euro-denominated business and that both central banks would extend the scope of their standing swap line order to aid the provision of multi-currency liquidity support by both central banks to CCPs established in the UK and the euro area. The ECB has also published Standards for the use of CCPs in Eurosystem foreign reserve management operations, which had been the subject of a separate legal challenge by the UK Government. The Standards would govern the use of CCPs for Interest Rate Swaps denominated in foreign currencies, aiming to limit the risks that would arise when these types of IRSs are cleared through a CCP.
 
View the revised Eurosystem Oversight Policy Framework.
 
View the ECB Standards for use of CCPs. 

The Financial Stability Board, together with the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the Committee on Payments and Markets Infrastructures and the International Organization of Securities Commissions jointly published a CCP workplan, dated April 2015.  The workplan focuses on the resilience, recovery planning and resolvability of CCPs and coordinating the roles of each organisation in achieving these goals. A progress report on such work was published simultaneously, providing an update on work that has been done so far and listing an action plan with expected dates of delivery. The progress report states amongst other things that: (i) work on stress testing policies and practices have advanced and guidance will be developed after further analysis of other resilience topics such as CCP recovery and risk management has been carried out; (ii) a report on all CCP resilience and recovery issues will be published by mid-2016 for consultation; and (iii) a report analyzing the interdependencies between CCPs and major clearing members and any resulting systemic implications on global financial stability will be published by end-2016.

View the workplan.

View the progress report.

The UK Payment Systems Regulator announced that it is conducting a survey aimed at payment service providers who access payment systems indirectly. The survey is intended to inform the PSR’s consideration of whether action is required in the context of its two market reviews, which are on: (i) the supply of indirect access to payment systems, launched in May 2015; and (ii) the ownership and competitiveness of infrastructure provision (the hardware, software, secure telecommunications network and operating environments that are used to manage and operate payment systems), first announced in November 2014. Responses to the survey are due by September 23, 2015.

View the survey form.

On August 7, 2015, the Comptroller of the Currency Thomas J. Curry gave a speech at a conference sponsored by the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, entitled "Leading Toward the Future; Ideas and Insight for a New Era." In that speech, Mr. Curry discussed the ways in which innovation can benefit the financial system, the crucial role banks play in spurring such innovation, and efforts the OCC is undertaking to better comprehend the benefits and risks of innovative products and services. Mr. Curry noted that the OCC must develop a robust process in order to evaluate new approaches and encourage responsible innovation, while ensuring appropriate risk management and compliance with laws and regulations.

View the press release.

The European Securities and Markets Authority published its technical advice to the European Commission under the Regulation on improving securities settlement in the European Union and on central securities depositories, known as CSDR. The technical advice will be considered by the Commission in its preparation of delegated acts which it is required to pass under the CSDR. The technical advice is on penalties for settlement fails and on the substantial importance of a Central Securities Depository. Under CSDR, there is an obligation to settle instructions on the intended settlement date and a daily cash penalty applies for any failed settlement. ESMA’s technical advice is on the parameters for calculating the basic amount of the cash penalty, including the circumstances which may justify an increase or a reduction in the basic penalty amount. An EU passport is provided for under the CSDR which allows an EU-registered CSD to provide its services in any EU member state. Cooperation arrangements are required to be established between the home and host member states for the supervision of the CSD, in particular where the activities of the CSD are of “substantial importance for the functioning of the securities markets and the protection of investors” in the host member state. The Commission’s delegated act is required to set out which operations of a CSD could be considered of substantial importance.

View the technical advice.

The UK Payment Systems Regulator published an update on the work it has done to ensure that access, direct or indirect, to payment systems is fairer and also identified next steps to be taken. The PSR has introduced new access and reporting rules for operators and has imposed a disclosure obligation on the four main sponsor banks providing indirect access. The PSR will continue to work with operators and sponsor banks to help them adapt to the new regulatory requirements and will publish the findings from its review of their compliance reports later in 2015. The PSR launched a market review into the supply of indirect access to market systems and aims to publish an interim report on the review by January 2016 and a final report by May 2016.

View the report.
 

The Financial Conduct Authority published the results of its thematic review into the oversight and control of financial benchmark activities. The review assessed the extent to which firms had responded to concerns and issues highlighted in recent benchmark enforcement cases, whether firms had implemented appropriate oversight and controls to manage the risks involved in their benchmark activities and the understanding within firms of the International Organization of Securities Commissions' Principles for Financial Benchmarks. The review found that all of the 12 banks and broking firms involved in the review had taken steps to change their approach to benchmark activities but that work was still required by all the firms and includes six key messages for firms involved in benchmark activities, which are: (i) firms need to ensure that they identify all of the activities which constitute benchmark activity or could affect a benchmark; (ii) senior management in firms need to act quickly to implement improvement plans; (iii) firms need to strengthen their governance and oversight of benchmark activities; (iv) further work is required on identifying and managing conflicts of interest; (v) robust controls need to be established for in-house benchmarks; and (vi) firms exiting benchmark activities need to give due consideration to the wider impact of their actions. The report sets out good and bad practices that were observed at the firms assessed by the FCA. The FCA expects those firms that were provided feedback during the review to act to make the necessary improvements and for all firms and users of benchmarks to consider the key messages and results of the review.

View the report.

The US Department of Treasury, the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the US Securities and Exchange Commission and the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission issued a joint report analyzing the significant volatility in the US Treasury market on October 15, 2014. The joint report provides insight and detailed analysis of the market conditions and offers a number of developments which may help explain the conditions that likely contributed to the volatility. Specifically, the report finds that among other things, changes in global risk sentiment and investor positions, a decline in order book depth and changes in order flow and liquidity provision together provide important insight into the developments of that day. The report also highlights the changing structure of the US Treasury market and proposes next steps to further enhance the public and private sectors’ understanding of changes to the structure of the US Treasury market and their implications. The report recommends continued analysis of US Treasury market structure and functioning, focusing on trading and risk management practices, the availability of public data and continued efforts to strengthen monitoring and inter-agency coordination related to trading across the US Treasury cash and futures markets.
 

View the joint report.

The Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and the International Organization of Securities Commissions announced that they had begun the first Level 3 assessment of the implementation of the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures. The review aims to assess the consistency of outcomes achieved through implementation of the PFMIs and will focus on requirements for financial risk management by CCPs by considering the outcomes achieved by a number of globally and locally active CCPs clearing exchange-traded and OTC derivatives. The results of the assessment are intended to be published in 2016.

View The announcement.